A Quick Reference
Author: Wolfgang Schulze (IATS, LMU Munich) // © 2007 [third (augmented and corrected) version]
Note: This overview does not
represent a full coverage of Lak. The reader should at any rate refer to the
bibliography given at the end of this presentation. The sections on
morphosyntax and syntax conform to what can be called the ‘typological format’ as used in standard functional descriptions of language. Also note that a number of Lak grammatical categories
are a matter of dispute. The view taken in this presentation does not
necessarily reflect the opinion of others doing research on Lak! All possible
errors are mine!
Comments, suggestions, and corrections please mail to W.Schulze@lrz.uni-muenchen.de
Contents:
2.
Phonology and writing system
6.
Sample text with interlinear glosses
7. Some statistics (phonetics and grammar)
Name: lak:u maz
(лакку маз)
Genetic affiliation:
East Caucasian,
‘old Type’
(see http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/~wschulze/kaukhist.pdf),
separate branch.
Closer relationship:
Dargi, important isoglosses with Nakh (Chechen, Ingush, Bats)
Number of speakers: ~ 90.000
– 100.000
Written language: Yes
(Cyrillic-based alphabet, see below)
Location: Central
Daghestan:
Towns and villages (in Lak orthography, incomplete list!):
Lakskij Rayon: Кьуба, Чlара, Ккуркли, Кума, Кlунды, Хьараша, Унчукутль, Гъумучи, Хъуна, Хьури, Кубра, Ури, Шовкра,
Щара, Хурхи, Кlулушац, Хулисма, Бурши,
Kkul Rayon: Къани, Вихьли,
Ккули, Хайхи, Цыйши, Ваччи, Кая, Сумбатль, Цlушар, Цlовкра-2, Хосрех, Цlовкра-1
Others: Аракул, Новолакрей, Тухчар, Гамиях, Новочуртах, Дучи, Ахар,
Новокули, Новолакское, Чапаево, Анжи, Каспийск, Щурагь, Москвa…
Grouping:
Sh-dialects
Arakul, Bartkhi,
Shadni, Kumukh, Witskhi, Shali
S-dialects
Wikhli, Pervotsovkri,
Kayali-Mashiki; Wachi-Kuli
Earlier writing traditions:
Arabic (until 1928), Latin (until 1938)
Early sources:
*
Translation of the Muçammad Eulogy al-burda
(by al-Buṣīrī) ~ 1700.
*
Medical book, translation of the Tuxfat
al-mucminīn (al-Djeilemi) (1734), preseved as a copy by
Khadži-Ali from Khanar (1774).
* Lak
version of the Derbend-Name (by Mirza Khaydar, called Verizov) ~ 1800.
[up]
1. Consonants
Transcription / ‘Caucasianists’ Style’
|
|
Stops |
Affricates |
Spirants |
Nasals |
Approximants |
||||||||
|
|
Vd |
Vl |
Gl |
Gem |
Vd |
Vl |
Gl |
Gem |
Vd |
Vl |
Gem |
|
|
|
Bilabial |
b |
p |
p’ |
p: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
m |
w |
|
Dento-Alveolar |
d |
t |
t’ |
t: |
|
c |
c’ |
c: |
z |
s |
s: |
n |
r / l |
|
Palatal |
|
|
|
|
|
č |
č’ |
č: |
ž |
š |
š: |
|
|
|
Labio-Palatal |
|
|
|
|
|
čʷ |
čʷ’ |
č:ʷ |
žʷ |
šʷ |
š:ʷ |
|
|
|
Velar |
g |
k |
k’ |
k: |
|
|
|
|
|
x̂ |
x̂: |
|
y |
|
Labio-Velar |
gʷ |
kʷ |
kʷ’ |
k:ʷ |
|
|
|
|
|
x̂ʷ |
x̂:ʷ |
|
|
|
Uvular |
|
q |
q’ |
q: |
|
|
|
|
ğ |
x |
x: |
|
|
|
Labio-Uvular |
|
qʷ |
qʷ’ |
q:ʷ |
|
|
|
|
ğʷ |
xʷ |
x:ʷ |
|
|
|
Pharyngeal |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ħ |
|
|
|
|
Laryngeal |
|
|
’ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
h |
|
|
|
Transcription / IPA
|
|
Stops |
Affricates |
Spirants |
Nasals |
Approximants |
||||||||
|
|
Vd |
Vl |
Gl |
Gem |
Vd |
Vl |
Gl |
Gem |
Vd |
Vl |
Gem |
|
|
|
Bilabial |
b |
p |
p’ |
p: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
m |
w ~ B |
|
Dento-Alveolar |
d |
t |
t’ |
t: |
|
ts |
ts’ |
ts: |
z |
s |
s: |
n |
r / l |
|
Palatal |
|
|
|
|
|
tʃ |
tʃ' |
tʃ: |
ʒ |
ʃ |
ʃ: |
|
|
|
Labio-Palatal |
|
|
|
|
|
tʃʷ |
tʃʷ’ |
tʃ:ʷ |
ʒʷ |
ʃʷ |
ʃ:ʷ |
|
|
|
Velar |
g |
k |
k’ |
k: |
|
|
|
|
|
x |
x: |
|
j |
|
Labio-Velar |
gʷ |
kʷ |
kʷ’ |
k:ʷ |
|
|
|
|
|
xʷ |
x:ʷ |
|
|
|
Uvular |
|
q |
q’ |
q: |
|
|
|
|
ʁ |
χ |
χ: |
|
|
|
Labio-Uvular |
|
qʷ |
qʷ’ |
q:ʷ |
|
|
|
|
ʁW |
χʷ |
χ:ʷ |
|
|
|
Pharyngeal |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ħ |
|
|
|
|
Laryngeal |
|
|
ʕ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
h |
|
|
|
Writing System
|
|
Stops |
Affricates |
Spirants |
Nasals |
Approximants |
||||||||
|
|
Vd |
Vl |
Gl |
Gem |
Vd |
Vl |
Gl |
Gem |
Vd |
Vl |
Gem |
|
|
|
Bilabial |
б |
п |
п1 |
пп |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
м |
в |
|
Dento-Alveolar |
д |
т |
т1 |
тт |
|
ц |
ц1 |
цц |
з |
с |
сс |
н |
р / л |
|
Palatal |
|
|
|
|
|
ч |
ч1 |
чч |
ж |
ш |
щ |
|
|
|
Labio-Palatal |
|
|
|
|
|
чв |
ч1ч1в |
ччв |
жв |
шв |
щв |
|
|
|
Velar |
г |
к |
к1 |
кк |
|
|
|
|
|
хь |
хьхь |
|
й |
|
Labio-Velar |
гв |
кв |
к1в |
ккв |
|
|
|
|
|
хьв |
хьхьв |
|
|
|
Uvular |
|
хъ |
кь |
къ |
|
|
|
|
гъ |
х |
хх |
|
|
|
Labio-Uvular |
|
хъв |
кв1 |
къкъв |
|
|
|
|
гъв |
хв |
ххв |
|
|
|
Pharyngeal |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
х1 |
|
|
|
|
Laryngeal |
|
|
ъ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
гь |
|
|
|
Cumulation: Consonants in Caucasian languages
|
|
Stops |
Affricates |
Spirants |
N. |
Ap. |
|||||||||||
|
|
Vd |
Vl |
Gl |
Gem |
Gem/ Gl |
Vd |
Vl |
Gl |
Gem |
Gem/ Gl |
Vd |
Vl |
Gl |
Gem |
|
|
|
Bilabial |
b |
p |
p’ |
p: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
v |
f |
f’ |
f: |
m |
w ~ B |
|
Dento-Alveolar |
d |
t |
t’ |
t: |
t:’ |
dz |
ts |
ts’ |
ts: |
ts:’ |
z |
s |
s’ |
s: |
n |
r / l |
|
Dento-Labial |
dʷ |
tʷ |
tʷ’ |
t:ʷ |
t:ʷ’ |
dzʷ |
tsʷ |
tsʷ’ |
tsʷ: |
ts:ʷ’ |
zʷ |
sʷ |
sʷ’ |
s:ʷ |
|
|
|
Alveo-Palatal |
|
|
|
|
|
dʑ |
tɕ |
tɕ’ |
|
|
ʑ |
ɕ |
ɕ’ |
|
|
|
|
Labio-AlvPal |
|
|
|
|
|
dʑʷ |
tɕʷ |
tɕʷ’ |
|
|
ʑʷ |
ɕʷ |
ɕʷ’ |
|
|
|
|
Palatal |
|
|
|
|
|
dʒ |
tS |
tS’ |
tS: |
tS:’ |
ʒ |
ʃ |
ʃ' |
ʃ: |
|
|
|
Labio-Palatal |
|
|
|
|
|
dʒʷ |
tSʷ |
tSʷ’ |
tS:ʷ |
tS:ʷ’ |
ʒʷ |
ʃʷ |
ʃʷ’ |
ʃ:ʷ |
|
|
|
Lateral |
|
|
|
|
|
|
tɬ |
tɬ’ |
tɬ: |
tɬ:’ |
|
ɬ |
ɬ’ |
ɬ: |
|
|
|
Labio-Lateral |
|
|
|
|
|
|
tɬʷ |
tɬʷ’ |
tɬ:ʷ |
tɬ:ʷ’ |
|
ɬʷ |
ɬʷ’ |
ɬ:ʷ |
|
|
|
Velar |
g |
k |
k’ |
k: |
k:’ |
|
|
|
|
|
ɣ |
x |
|
x: |
|
j |
|
Labio-Velar |
gʷ |
kʷ |
kʷ’ |
k: ʷ |
k:ʷ’ |
|
|
|
|
|
ɣʷ |
xʷ |
|
x:ʷ |
|
|
|
Uvular |
ɢ |
q |
q’ |
q: |
q:’ |
|
|
|
|
|
ʁ |
χ |
|
χ: |
||